Home›Cummins/Onan›Cummins/Onan RGA-OP'

Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' Generator Set

The Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' is a generator set.

1
Document types

How to read your Cummins/Onan serial & model number →

Service parts for the RGA-OP'

Grouped by system, with how many of each the parts manual calls for.

Air intake

1 required
L100-030Air filtersee priceAmazon

Fuel system

1 required
L100-045Fuel filtersee priceAmazon

Oil system

1 required
L100-025Oil filtersee priceAmazon

Prices captured from merchant listings; some links are affiliate links. Confirm against your serial number before ordering.

Specifications

AlternatorYD Series (YD generator) (4-pole)

Maintenance & consumables

ItemSpecCapacityPart #Interval
Air filterAir FilterL100-030 Amazon eBay
Fuel filterFuel FilterL100-045 Amazon eBay
Oil filterOil FilterL100-025 Amazon eBay

Service specifications

36
TypeItemValueUnitCondition
GapOverspeed switch magnetic air gapnot less than 0.005inch (0.13 mm)
OtherBattery electrolyte specific gravity1.260specific gravityfully charged at 80°F (27°C)
OtherEmergency stop DC control breaker CB1115ampere
OtherF7 inline fuse30ampere
OtherSea water flow at exhaust outletabout 3gal/min (11 litre/min)
PressureControl power latch switch S6 setpoint5psi (34 kPa)
PressureLow oil pressure switch S1 setpoint9psi (62 kPa)
PressureLow oil pressure switch S1 setpoint, some early sets14psi (97 kPa)
ResistanceCommutating reactor CMR21 winding resistance (leads 1 and 2)330 to 390milliohmsat 77°F (25°C)
ResistanceExciter rotor winding resistance (T1-T2, T2-T3, T1-T3)486 to 594milliohmsat 77°F (25°C)
ResistanceExciter stator field lead resistance11.16 to 13.64ohmsat 77°F (25°C)
ResistanceExciter stator insulation to lamination1,000,000 or greaterohms500 VDC or more applied
ResistanceGenerator rotor insulation to shaft1,000,000 or greaterohms500 VDC or more applied
ResistanceGenerator stator winding insulation to laminations1,000,000 or greaterohms500 VDC or more applied
ResistanceRectifier bridge CR21 forward resistance6 to 50ohmsreverse resistance infinity; R x 1 / R x 1K scale
ResistanceReference transformer coil resistance110 +/- 10%ohmsat 77°F (25°C)
SpeedOverspeed switch trip point, 50 Hz units1900 +/- 90r/min
SpeedOverspeed switch trip point, 60 Hz units2200 +/- 90r/min
TemperatureCoolant temperature normal operating range165 to 195°F (74°C to 91°C)depending on load and ambient temperature
TemperatureHigh coolant temperature switch S2 (DKC/DKD electric start)250°F (121°C)
TemperatureHigh coolant temperature switch S2 (marine MDKC/MDKD)222°F (105°C)
TemperatureHigh coolant temperature switch S2 (remote start DKD)222°F (106°C)
TemperatureHigh exhaust temperature switch S5 closesabove 230°F (110°C)
TemperatureHigh exhaust temperature switch S5 opensabout 190°F (88°C)
TorqueDrive disc to flywheel capscrews130-150ft lbs (176-203 N·m)
TorqueEnd bell stud nuts20ft lbs (27 N·m)
TorqueExciter rotor / drive disc bolts20-22ft lbs (27-30 N·m)
TorqueF1+/F2- and CR1-CR6 rotating rectifier nuts23 to 26inch lbs (2.6 to 2.9 N·m)
VoltageBattery cable voltage dropless than 0.3voltsstarter motor operating
VoltageDC voltmeter, 12-volt system13.5 to 15voltsengine running
VoltageDC voltmeter, 24-volt system27 to 30voltsengine running
VoltageK15 starter protection relay energizeabout 90volts AC
VoltageK16 start disconnect relay actuate5.5 to 7.5volts DC
VoltageK16 start disconnect relay actuateabout 6volts DC
VoltageResidual AC voltage, electronic regulation (leads 1 and 2)5 to 10VAC minimum
VoltageResidual AC voltage, transformer regulation (leads S1 and S2)2.5 to 5VAC minimum

Extracted from the manufacturer documentation linked to this model. Values are copied as printed; confirm against your unit's manual and serial number.

Recommended fluids

FluidGradeStandardAmbientCapacityNotes
GreaseMolykoteApply a thin film to mating surfaces of end bearing and hole in the end bell.

Extracted from the manufacturer documentation linked to this model. Values are copied as printed; confirm against your unit's manual and serial number.

Procedures

12
Battery Cable Check diagnostic

Tools: Voltmeter

  1. With starter motor operating, check voltage drop from battery negative post to cylinder block.
  2. Check voltage drop from battery positive post to battery terminal stud on solenoid.
  3. Each should normally be less than 0.3 volts.
  4. Clean all connections in any part of the circuit showing excessive voltage drop.
Battery Check diagnostic

⚠ Battery electrolyte can cause severe eye damage and burns; wear goggles, rubber gloves and a protective apron.

Tools: Hydrometer

  1. Check charge condition of the battery with a hydrometer.
  2. Electrolyte specific gravity should be about 1.260 fully charged at 80°F (27°C).
  3. Add distilled water to keep electrolyte at proper level and recharge.
  4. If battery will not recharge, replace it.
Solenoid Check diagnostic

Tools: Voltmeter

  1. Apply battery positive (B+) to the terminal marked S.
  2. Connect a ground wire to the solenoid mounting bracket.
  3. Solenoid should activate.
  4. Battery voltage should be read between terminal 1 and ground if contacts good.
  5. Voltage drop across contacts should never exceed one volt.
Testing Exciter Stator diagnostic

Tools: Wheatstone bridge or digital ohmmeter, Megger or insulation resistance meter (500 VDC or more)

  1. Disconnect F1+ and F2- exciter field leads from terminal block in generator end bell.
  2. Measure resistance between field leads with a Wheatstone bridge or digital ohmmeter.
  3. Resistance should be 11.16 to 13.64 ohms at 77°F (25°C).
  4. Apply 500 VDC or more between either field lead and the exciter stator lamination.
  5. Insulation reading should be 1,000,000 ohms or greater.
  6. A shorted stator must be replaced.
Testing Generator Rotor diagnostic

Tools: Megger or insulation resistance meter (500 VDC or more), Digital ohmmeter

  1. Remove rotor leads F1+ and F2- from the rotating rectifier assemblies.
  2. Connect test leads between F1+ and rotor shaft, then between F2- and rotor shaft.
  3. Meter should register 1,000,000 ohms or greater.
  4. Use a digital ohmmeter to check resistance between F1 and F2 leads.
  5. Replace a grounded rotor with a new identical part.
Testing Generator Stator diagnostic

⚠ Some generators have ground connections to the frame; check wiring diagram.

Tools: Megger or insulation resistance meter, Wheatstone bridge

  1. Isolate all stator leads for testing.
  2. Apply 500 VDC or more and test each stator winding for short to laminations.
  3. Reading less than 1,000,000 ohms indicates a questionable stator; oven dry and retest.
  4. Test continuity between coil leads; all pairs should have equal resistance.
  5. If a winding is shorted, open or grounded, replace the stator assembly.
Testing Rotating Rectifiers diagnostic

Tools: Ohmmeter

  1. Disconnect all leads from the rectifier assembly to be tested.
  2. Connect one ohmmeter lead to F1+ stud and to CR1, CR2, CR3 in turn; record values.
  3. Connect one lead to F2- stud and to CR4, CR5, CR6 in turn; record values.
  4. Reverse ohmmeter leads from steps above and record resistance of each rectifier.
  5. Readings must be high in one test and low in the other; otherwise replace assembly.
  6. Replace defective rectifier assembly with a new identical part.
Flashing the Field repair

⚠ Incorrect flashing procedure can damage the voltage regulator.

Tools: 12-volt storage battery, 10-amp fuse, Momentary-on switch, 12-amp 300 V diode

  1. Assemble 12-volt battery, 10-amp fuse, momentary-on switch and diode.
  2. Start the generator set and operate at normal speed.
  3. Connect positive lead to F1(+) exciter stator lead and negative to F2(-).
  4. Close the switch just long enough for output voltage to build up.
  5. Shut down set; restart at no load; output must build up without flashing.
Generator Disassembly repair

⚠ Generator components are heavy and can cause severe personal injury if dropped during service.

Tools: Hoist, Stator handling tongs, nylon lifting strap or chain and lift hooks

  1. Disconnect the negative (-) battery cable.
  2. Remove control box cover; disconnect all stator leads and mark if needed.
  3. Remove end bell cover and remove field leads F1 and F2.
  4. Remove load wires and flexible conduit from control box.
  5. Remove leads from the DC voltage regulator plug.
  6. Remove capscrews securing control box saddle to stator; lift box and saddle free.
  7. Remove end bell stud nuts; slide off end bell and exciter stator.
  8. Support stator with a hoist; remove stator assembly without touching the rotor.
Generator Reassembly repair

Tools: Hoist and sling, Lead hammer, Gear puller

  1. Slide exciter rotor over shaft and woodruff key; install exciter nut and torque.
  2. Connect generator field leads to F1+ and F2- terminals; torque values shown.
  3. Press the end bearing onto the rotor shaft.
  4. Assemble rotor fan and drive disc to engine flywheel; chamfer toward flywheel.
  5. Install air baffle.
  6. Move stator into position over rotor with leads in top position.
  7. Apply thin film of Molykote grease to end bearing and end bell mating surfaces.
  8. Install end bell assembly; torque end bell stud nuts.
Set Removal repair

⚠ Fuel leakage presents fire or explosion hazard; plug all fuel line openings and keep ignition sources away.

  1. Disconnect the generator set negative (-) battery cable.
  2. Disconnect the positive (+) battery cable at the battery terminal.
  3. Disconnect the remote control plug wire, if applicable.
  4. Disconnect the generator load wires and tag for identification.
  5. Disconnect the exhaust system and support brackets or hangers.
  6. Disconnect the fuel line at the generator set housing; plug the end securely.
  7. Verify the generator set is adequately supported before loosening mounting bolts.
Voltage Regulator VR21 Replacement repair
  1. Stop the generator set and disconnect starting battery leads, negative (-) first.
  2. Disconnect and label wires from the voltage regulator; refer to AC control wiring diagram.
  3. Remove mounting screws from old voltage regulator; install new regulator.
  4. Reconnect wires removed to the proper terminals.
  5. Set voltage as outlined in Voltage Adjustment.

Extracted from the manufacturer documentation linked to this model. Values are copied as printed; confirm against your unit's manual and serial number.

Voltage reconnection

VoltagePhaseConnectionLeadsNotes
110/220singleH1-H6For 110/220V and 110V connect H2 to H6.
115/230single50 HzReconnection diagram; 50 Hz uses 2 leads from generator on taps X1-3.
120/240single60 HzReconnection diagram shown for 120/240 V 60 Hz; leave T1 and T4 in all voltage connections.

Extracted from the manufacturer documentation linked to this model. Values are copied as printed; confirm against your unit's manual and serial number.

Common questions

What alternator comes on the Cummins/Onan RGA-OP'?

The Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' uses a YD Series (YD generator) alternator. It has 4 poles.

Which oil filter part number does the Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' take?

The Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' uses oil filter part number L100-025.

Which fuel filter part number does the Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' take?

The Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' uses fuel filter part number L100-045.

What air filter does the Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' use?

The Cummins/Onan RGA-OP' uses air filter part number L100-030.

Troubleshooting

71

Fault codes

CodeMeaningRemedy
CB21Field breaker (CB21) trips (electronic voltage regulator)Refer to flow chart F in Generator/Regulator Troubleshooting

Symptoms & remedies

SymptomCauseRemedy
Engine does not crankBattery deadCheck battery per Checkout [A] and recharge or replace; check battery charger operation per Checkout [C]
Engine does not crankBattery cables not clean and tight; B1 starter solenoid and motor badCheck battery cables for clean tight connections (ref. Checkout [B]); check B1 starter solenoid and motor—if bad, repair or replace
Engine does not crankCB11 control breaker or F1 fuse open; bad connection between battery cable B+ and B1 starter solenoid terminalCheck CB11 control breaker and F1 fuse; if okay, jumper battery cable B+ connection to B1 starter solenoid terminal; check B+ wiring between K11 and B1 solenoid terminal, replace if bad; check K1 plunger travel for freedom to bottom in solenoid
Engine does not crankNo battery voltage between K11 terminal S and ground with S11 in Start position; B+ wiring to S11 or between S11 and K11 bad; NC contacts of A11-K15 and K16 badCheck B+ wiring to S11 and between S11 and K11; check NC contacts of A11-K15 and K16, replace if bad
Engine does not crankK11 does not energizeTest K11 per Checkout [H] and replace if bad
Engine does not crankNo battery voltage at B1 solenoid terminal with S11 in Start positionCheck B+ wiring between K11 and B1 solenoid terminal, replace if bad; check K1 plunger travel for freedom to bottom in solenoid
Engine does not crankNo B+ present at key switch S11Check wiring and replace if bad
Engine cranks but does not startEngine not getting fuel (exhaust smoke should be blue-white and fuel flow steady from fuel return line); fuel system problem: fuel tank level, shut-off valves, fuel lines and connections, fuel filters, fuel pump and injection pumpCheck fuel system: fuel tank level, shut-off valves, fuel lines and connections, fuel filters, fuel pump and injection pump
Engine cranks but does not startK1 fuel solenoid does not energize when S11 is in Start position; B+ circuit through S11 bad; K1 badCheck B+ circuit through S11; test S11 per Checkout [G]; test K1 per Checkout [F]
Engine cranks but does not startK1 fuel solenoid and E5 fuel pump do not energize when S11 is in Start position; B+ circuit to K14 coil bad; K14 relay bad; K1 fuel solenoid badCheck B+ circuit to K14 coil; test relay K14 per Checkout [E]; test K1 fuel solenoid per Checkout [F]
Engine cranks but does not startBattery B+ not applied to glow plug heaters when Preheat Switch is closed; Preheat switch or heater relay K13 bad; heater wiring badCheck Preheat switch and heater relay K13 per Checkouts [G] and [E]; check heater wiring
Engine cranks but does not startIncorrect fuelSee Operator's Manual recommendations
Engine starts but stops after running several secondsFault condition indicated by fault breaker CB12 on control panel; fault monitors S1 through S5 (S1 through S4) or fault breaker CB12 improperly wiredCheck for a possible fault condition; if none, check fault monitors S1 through S5 (S1 through S4) and fault breaker CB12 for improper wiring
Engine starts but stops after running several secondsLatching relay K12 (A11-K12) does not energize and contacts do not close when generator set comes up to operating speed; S6 power latch switch not closing; engine monitor PC board badCheck for closing of S6 power latch switch; if okay, replace engine monitor PC board
Engine starts but stops after running several secondsDC control breaker trips when the generator set is started; B+ wiring shorted to groundCheck all B+ wiring for shorts to ground
Engine starts but stops after running several secondsKey switch S11 bad; wiring bad; fuel system problemTest key switch S11 per Checkout [G]; check wiring; check fuel system
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator)Refer to flow chart A in Generator/Regulator Troubleshooting
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator)Refer to flow chart B in Generator/Regulator Troubleshooting
Unstable output voltage, engine speed stable (electronic voltage regulator)Refer to flow chart C in Generator/Regulator Troubleshooting
Output voltage too high or too low (electronic voltage regulator)Refer to flow chart D in Generator/Regulator Troubleshooting
Output voltage too high, too low, or unstable (transformer voltage regulator)Refer to flow chart E in Generator/Regulator Troubleshooting
Unbalanced output voltage (transformer or electronic voltage regulator)Refer to flow chart G in Generator/Regulator Troubleshooting
Battery output voltage high (over 15 volts)Loose or corroded voltage regulator leads; regulator probably shortedCheck for loose or corroded voltage regulator leads; if this does not correct the problem, replace the regulator; with remote start Kubota powered sets exhibiting overcharging symptoms, refer to Product Support Bulletin 450
Battery loses excess waterCharge rate may be too high
Battery state of charge is not maintainedCharge rate may be too low
Improper battery charging outputLoose drive belt; poor terminal connections; broken wires; bad regulator or alternatorCheck drive belt, terminal connections and wires; check regulator and alternator per Section 5 of the engine service manual
No fuel at injection nozzle (fuel to injection pump present)Fuel solenoid may be defectiveWatch for solenoid actuation when B+ is applied (start switch in start or run position); if there is no actuation when B+ is applied, replace the fuel solenoid
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — load circuit breakers not closedLoad circuit breakers openClose circuit breakers, or replace if bad
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — breaker openDefective field breakerReplace defective field breaker
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — control panel field breaker CB21 offField breaker CB21 trippedPush to reset breaker
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — residual voltage across terminals 2 and 3 of VR21 less than 5 to 10 VACExciter field not flashedFlash exciter field per TEST [D]
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — residual voltage across VR21 terminals 4 and 5 less than 5 VDCBad wiring in harnessReplace bad wiring; check harness per TEST [M]
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — defective componentsReactor CMR21 or transformer T21 shortedCheck reactor CMR21 and transformer T21 per TESTS [B] and [E]; replace if defective
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — defective regulatorDefective regulator PC boardReplace the regulator PC board per procedure [F]
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — exciter field winding badDefective exciter field windingCheck exciter field winding per TEST [H]; replace if bad
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — lead continuity faultNo continuity between AC terminals on A11 and terminals 2 and 3 on VR21Check lead continuity between AC terminals on A11 and terminals 2 and 3 on VR21 per TEST [I]
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — diodes badDefective diodes CR1 through CR6 on rotorCheck diodes CR1 through CR6 on rotor per TEST [G]; replace if bad
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — exciter rotor winding badDefective exciter rotor windingCheck exciter rotor winding per TEST [J]; replace if bad
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (electronic voltage regulator) — generator stator windings badDefective generator stator windingsCheck generator stator windings per TEST [K]; replace if bad
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — load circuit breakers not closedLoad circuit breakers openClose circuit breakers, or replace if bad
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — residual voltage across stator leads S1 and S2 less than 2.5 to 5 VACExciter field not flashedFlash exciter field per TEST [D]
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — residual voltage across stator leads S1 and S2 less than 2.5 to 5 VAC after disconnecting leadsDefective HV21Replace HV21
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — bridge rectifier CR21 fails testDefective bridge rectifier CR21Replace CR21
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — suppressor assembly RV21 fails testDefective suppressor assembly RV21Replace RV21
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — lead continuity faultNo continuity between TB2-2 and 8 (1) on generator, and TB2-H1 and 7 (4)Check lead continuity between TB2-2 and 8 (1) on generator, and TB2-H1 and 7 (4) per TEST
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — exciter stator badDefective exciter statorTest exciter stator per TEST [H]; replace if bad
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — diodes badDefective diodes CR1 through CR6 on rotorCheck diodes CR1 through CR6 on rotor per TEST [G]; replace if bad
No AC output voltage at rated engine RPM (transformer voltage regulator) — exciter rotor winding badDefective exciter rotor windingCheck exciter rotor winding per TEST [J]; replace if bad
Unstable voltage, engine speed stable (electronic voltage regulator) — broken wires or loose connectionsBroken wires or loose connections on voltage regulator assemblyRepair as required
Unstable voltage, engine speed stable (electronic voltage regulator) — wiring harness faultWiring harness from regulator assembly to end bell faultyRepair wiring or replace as required; check wiring harness from regulator assembly to end bell per TEST [M]
Unstable voltage, engine speed stable (electronic voltage regulator) — defective regulatorDefective regulator PC boardReplace the regulator PC board per procedure [F]
Output voltage too high or too low (electronic voltage regulator) — incorrect engine speedEngine not running at correct RPMSet RPM per instructions in appropriate engine manual
Output voltage too high or too low (electronic voltage regulator) — voltage adjustment incorrectVoltage Adjust control on the regulator board not set correctlySet control per Voltage Adjustment [P]
Output voltage too high or too low (electronic voltage regulator) — reference transformer connections incorrectReference transformer T21 connections incorrect or insecure on T1317Correct connections
Output voltage too high or too low (electronic voltage regulator) — generator output leads improperly connectedGenerator output leads improperly connectedCheck generator output leads per TEST [Q]
Output voltage too high or too low (electronic voltage regulator) — defective regulatorDefective regulator PC boardReplace the regulator PC board per procedure [F]
Output voltage too high, too low, or unstable (transformer voltage regulator) — voltage across generator leads S1 and S2 not 60 VAC ±25 percentDefective stator assemblyTest stator assembly per TEST [K]; replace if bad
Output voltage too high, too low, or unstable (transformer voltage regulator) — engine not running stable at correct r/minEngine speed incorrect or unstableSet r/min per instructions in appropriate engine manual
Output voltage too high, too low, or unstable (transformer voltage regulator) — broken wires or loose connectionsBroken wires or loose connections to AC regulator componentsRepair as required
Output voltage too high, too low, or unstable (transformer voltage regulator) — transformer badDefective transformer T21Test transformer T21 per TEST [N]; replace if bad
Output voltage too high, too low, or unstable (transformer voltage regulator) — exciter stator badDefective exciter statorTest exciter stator per TEST [H]; replace if bad
Output voltage too high, too low, or unstable (transformer voltage regulator) — rotor assembly badDefective rotor assemblyTest rotor assembly per TEST [J]; replace if bad
Field breaker trips (electronic voltage regulator) — output unbalanced with load removedGenerator output still unbalancedCheck for any loose or broken wires or connections on VR21 assembly
Field breaker trips (electronic voltage regulator) — AC output voltage builds up to 150% or more of rated voltage before breaker tripsIncorrect grounding of generator and loadCheck for correct grounding of generator and load
Field breaker trips (electronic voltage regulator) — generator leads not connected and grounded properlyGenerator leads improperly connected or groundedCorrect as necessary; see Test [Q]
Field breaker trips (electronic voltage regulator) — exciter stator winding badDefective exciter stator windingCheck exciter stator winding per TEST [H]; replace if bad
Field breaker trips (electronic voltage regulator) — generator stator winding not continuousDefective generator stator windingReplace stator assembly
Field breaker trips (electronic voltage regulator) — reference transformer badDefective reference transformer T21Check reference transformer T21 per TEST [E]; replace if bad
Field breaker trips (electronic voltage regulator) — defective regulatorDefective regulator PC boardReplace the regulator PC board per procedure [F]
Unbalanced generator output voltage (transformer or electronic voltage regulator)Load ground faultsCheck load for ground faults and correct as necessary

Fault codes and symptom→remedy steps extracted from this model’s service/owner documentation; verify against the official manual before servicing.

Repair guides

5

Step-by-step procedures compiled from the Cummins/Onan service manual for this model.

Parts

4
Part #DescriptionQtySystem
L100-025Oil Filter1Oil filter Amazon eBay
L100-030Air Filter1Air filter Amazon eBay
L100-045Fuel Filter1Fuel filter Amazon eBay
L100-060Spark Plugs2Spark plug Amazon eBay

Service, wear & replacement parts referenced for this model and its engine — confirm the exact part for your serial number. See the full parts catalog to search and cross-reference.

Available documents

Service manual — 981-0502 Onan DKC DKD MDKC MDKD Genset Engine Service manual 03-1994 small (Cummins/Onan)

This page was generated from the 1 manufacturer document above by automated extraction; every figure shown is copied from one of them. How the data is compiled.